Le Havre en mutation : De l'énergie fossile aux énergies marines
Par Marc Migraine le dimanche 14 février 2010, 18:21 - Environnement - Santé - Lien permanent
L'Europe
obligeant la France à avoir, en 2020, 23%
d'énergie renouvelable consommée, les regards se tournent vers la
mer qui, chez nous, représente une
aire de 10 millions de m2 (la 2ème
du monde après les USA). Un atout de taille pour profiter de l'énergie
gratuite qu'offre la mer sous toutes ses formes, qu'il s'agisse de vent, de vagues,
d'eau chaude ou de courants. Rêves ou réalités ? Le point sur de nouvelles "croissances vertes". Et les atouts de la Normandie (et du Havre) à travers son littoral mais aussi son savoir-faire.
La France, mauvaise élève.
Les Anglos-Saxons dominent la filière émergente des énergies marines renouvelables (EMR). Sur les 80 projets d'EMR à travers le monde, une trentaine sont situés en GB, moins de 20 aux Etats-Unis et à peine 5 en France. "Une filière est en train de se créer ; si l'Etat français ne prend pas le train en marche, elle va être dominée par les Anglos-Saxons" explique Michel Pailard (Ipanema - Initiative partenarialenationale pour l'émergence des énergies marines regroupant de nombreux acteurs comme Areva, Total, EDF, Alstom mais également la Haute et la Basse Normandie). "Faute de visibilité, les projets risquent de rester dans les cartons et les développements industriels et portuaires ad hoc de se faire ailleurs" prévenait en décembre dernier Philippe Gouverneur, président du Syndicat des énergies renouvelables (SER).
Eoliennes : le vent se lèvera-t-il sur le offshore normand ?
L'éolien
en mer offre une énergie fiable,
disponible, mieux acceptée que l'éolien terrestre.
- La Grande-Bretagne a fait ce choix, investissant 100 milliards de livres pour des éoliennes offshore capables, en 2020, de générer un quart des besoins en électricité du royaume (20 000 MW).
- En Allemagne (500 kms de côtes), même combat : on vise 25 000 MW en 2030 ; soit six fois plus que l'objectif fixé par la France.
- La France (5 500 kms de côtes...) s'est fixée un objectif peu ambitieux de 4 000 MW en 2015.
- L'Italie, l'Irlande, la Belgique ont déjà mis en service et autorisé plusieurs milliers de mégawatts...
Fin 2008, 32 parcs éoliens en mer étaient d'ores et déjà en service ; pas un seul en France.
Les raisons du retard français :
- Premier frein au développement de l'éolien offshore en France
: les réglementations et une législation
inadaptées. Ainsi, le premier projet français de
parc éolien, initié en 2002 au large de Veulettes-sur-Mer (Seine
Maritime) est suspendu aux autorisations administratives et aux
recours
juridiques ; il ne verra pas le jour avant 2011 ou 2012... Le projet des "Deux
côtes" au large du Tréport subit le même sort. - Autres obstacles de taille : des difficultés économiques liées au système tarifaire français et le manque de planification territoriale (comme il en existe en Belgique, en Allemagne ou au R-U) qui n'apporte aucune garantie aux investisseurs à long terme.
- Enfin, ajoutons que le Plan de relance s'est plutôt attaché à développer le solaire...
Pour certains industriels, ce retard peut devenir une opportunité, la France profitant ainsi du retour d'expérience des voisins européens. Pour d'autres (le groupe DCNS, ex DCN), l'accent est mis sur le développement d'éoliennes flottantes, des monstres de mer qui permettront d'aller chercher des vents plus stables au large. Quoi qu'il en soit, les opérateurs français qui piaffent d'impatience gardent confiance : certains estiment que l'objectif fixé par le gouvernement de 4 000 MW pour 2015 est peut-être jouable.
Devant Patrick Devedjian, ministre en charge du plan de relance, Antoine Rufenacht évoquait en novembre dernier au Havre, à l'occasion des troisièmes Rencontres internationales consacrées à l'éolien maritime et organisées au Havre, son intention d'attirer au Havre une nouvelle industrie éolienne, faisant de la cité océane une plate-forme de cette nouvelle industrie énergétique, porteuse de plusieurs milliers d'emplois.
Le Havre a une carte à jouer.
Pour se placer sur le marché de l'éolien, de la fabrication à l'installation en passant, pourquoi pas, par la recherche et la formation, Le Havre dispose de quelques atouts :
- le littoral normand et ses fonds marins peu profonds
(contrairement à l'Atlantique et la Méditérranée)
suscitent l'appétit des investisseurs du "green business"
; les 2/5èmes des projets d'éolien offshore sont localisés
dans le secteur Manche-Mer du Nord, dont une petite dizaine au large des côtes
normandes. Un potentiel de 10 000 MW de puissance installée.
la
zone industrielle et portuaire havraise dispose d'une forte capacité
de manutentionner des pièces lourdes et volumineuses.
- on lui reconnait par ailleurs un réel savoir-faire
dans l'assemblage mécanique, la chaudronerie, les composites, les chantiers
navals ;
- lors de la phase d'exploitation, une centrale éolienne peut mobiliser
au moins deux navires de servitude et une navette
d'intervention rapide basés à proximité :
le port du Havre peut répondre à ces exigences ;
- WPD, leader de l'éolien offshore, note que "les ports britaniques
(qui visent la construction de gigantesques fermes éoliennes dans l'estuaire
de la Tamise) n'ont pas les atouts du Havre, bien qu'ils soient sur le
point d'investir."
- le port du Havre ne disposera pas éternellement de la rente pétrolière ; il doit diversifier son "panier énergétique".
La Ville du Havre a commencé à nouer des contacts avec de grands industriels liés à l'énergie. Rappelons qu'une instance de concertation a été formée en juin 2009 à laquelle participe le GPMH. Sa mission : identifier des zones propices à l'éolien en mer et établir un document de planification qui est attendu au 1er trimestre 2010.
Hydroliennes : des essais au large de Cherbourg ?
Les hydroliennes - ou comment transformer
l'énergie des courants marins en électricité - n'en
sont pas au stade de maturité des éoliennes, aucune
technologie ne sort du lot, mais le potentiel est pourtant important : 30 000
MW rien que pour l'Europe, 400 à 500 MW en France. Une goutte dans un
océan de besoins ? Peut-être, mais on a besoin de toutes les énergies,
notamment de celles qui,
comme
les hydroliennes, demeurent invisibles, toujours actives et ne suscitent aucun
déchet.
Une trentaine de projets sont actuellement menés dans le monde. En France,
la Bretagne et la Normandie sont les régions
les mieux placées. Une ferme expérimentale de
quatre machines (2 MW) est installée en Bretagne (Paimpol) par EDF ;
le raccordement au réseau EDF pourrait intervenir en 2012 et alimenterait
4000 foyers.
Si les essais sont concluants, EDF pourrait se tourner ensuite vers la Normandie
où deux sites sont susceptilbles de recevoir des hydroliennes : la pointe
de Barfleur et surtout le
Raz Blanchard au large de Cherbourg, où les courants peuvent
atteindre 4 ou 5 mètres par seconde. Le site intéresse la société
Géocéan, filiale de Vinci qui projette d'implanter deux hydroliennes
expérimentales pour un investissement de 35 M€. Le projet fait partie
des 19 retenus par l'ADEME dans le cadre de son fonds démonstrateur sur
les énergies marines.
Combien ça coûte ? Inutile de faire des calculs de rentabilité : les projets ne sont pas montés en ces termes. L'idée est d'investir pour apprendre au niveau reglementaire, technique et économique.
Vagues et eaux chaudes : beaucoup d'énergie, mais...
Plus
loin de nos côtes normandes, d'autres énergies marines existent
mais leurs technologies demeurent balbutiantes :
-> Le potentiel de l'énergie de la houle est gigantesque : 10 fois celui de l'énergie des courants ! Si elles pouvaient être converties en électricité, les vagues qui, en France, déferlent sur la façade atlantique, fourniraient l'équivalent de 90% de notre consommation électrique annuelle ! Les Anglais ne s'y sont pas trompés, qui sont très en avance sur cette filière. Plusieurs procédés sont à l'étude ici ou là dans le monde, permettant à des machines houlomotrices de convertir la puissance des vagues en électricité.
-> Les eaux chaudes représentent une source d'énergie possible : l'idée est d'exploiter les différences de températures entre la surface de la mer (chaude) et les eaux en profondeur (froides). L'IFREMER estime que l'énergie thermique des mers représentera une puissance de 200 MW (1/6ème de la puissance offerte par un réacteur nucléaire civil) en 2030 dans les DOM/TOM. Le Conseil régional de La Réunion étudie l'installation d'une plateforme mais les contraintes ne manquent pas autour de cette technologie encore embryonaire, exploitable seulement en zones intertropicales.
Commentaires
Je suis plutôt partisans des hydroliennes contrairement aux éoliennes en mer qui risque de déffigurer le paysage. Le paysage fait aussi parti de l'environnement et personnellement je n'ai pas envie de voir ces verrures sur l'horizon marin.
En revanche, pourquoi aps des eoliennes sur l'arrière port ou pour remplacer les cuves de la CIM trop près de la ville ?
Je suis plutôt partisans des hydroliennes contrairement aux éoliennes en mer qui risque de déffigurer le paysage. Le paysage fait aussi parti de l'environnement et personnellement je n'ai pas envie de voir ces verrures sur l'horizon marin.
En revanche, pourquoi aps des eoliennes sur l'arrière port ou pour remplacer les cuves de la CIM trop près de la ville ?
bravo Mr Migraine pour ce trés belle article, trés claire
bravo Mr Migraine pour ce trés belle article, trés claire
C'est très audacieux de vouloir faire du Havre un pôle énergie marine. Dommage qu'à l'époque ou le territoire s'interrogeait sur l'après pétro-chimie et automobile, la plupart des élus et des acteurs n'ont pas pris au sérieux la nécessité qui était mise en avant de préparer la reconversion économique du territoire par le lancement de filières alternatives notamment dans l'énergie... Depuis l'Allemagne, la Norvège sont devenues des pionnières en la matière et la France et Le Havre des attardés... Presque 10 ans d'investissement, de recherche et d'expérience à rattraper cela ne va pas être facile. Qui a dit déjà que en France on mettait en oeuvre les idées d'hier avec les hommes d'avant hier et les structures du siècle dernier.Cela dit mieux vaut tard que jamais.... .PS : l'article est très clair et bien documenté
C'est très audacieux de vouloir faire du Havre un pôle énergie marine. Dommage qu'à l'époque ou le territoire s'interrogeait sur l'après pétro-chimie et automobile, la plupart des élus et des acteurs n'ont pas pris au sérieux la nécessité qui était mise en avant de préparer la reconversion économique du territoire par le lancement de filières alternatives notamment dans l'énergie... Depuis l'Allemagne, la Norvège sont devenues des pionnières en la matière et la France et Le Havre des attardés... Presque 10 ans d'investissement, de recherche et d'expérience à rattraper cela ne va pas être facile. Qui a dit déjà que en France on mettait en oeuvre les idées d'hier avec les hommes d'avant hier et les structures du siècle dernier.Cela dit mieux vaut tard que jamais.... .PS : l'article est très clair et bien documenté
Et que va devenir la peche dans tout sa ????? Ainsi que les oiseaux migrateurs qui survolent nos cotes ????? Ainsi les écolos pourront accuser les chasseurs et les pecheurs de détruire la nature!!!!!!!
Et que va devenir la peche dans tout sa ????? Ainsi que les oiseaux migrateurs qui survolent nos cotes ????? Ainsi les écolos pourront accuser les chasseurs et les pecheurs de détruire la nature!!!!!!!
Et que va devenir la peche dans tout sa ????? Ainsi que les oiseaux migrateurs qui survolent nos cotes ????? Ainsi les écolos pourront accuser les chasseurs et les pecheurs de détruire la nature!!!!!!!
Et que va devenir la peche dans tout sa ????? Ainsi que les oiseaux migrateurs qui survolent nos cotes ????? Ainsi les écolos pourront accuser les chasseurs et les pecheurs de détruire la nature!!!!!!!
Mr le Maire est devenu un ardent défenseur des énergies vertes, bleu en l'espèce ?
Mr le Maire est devenu un ardent défenseur des énergies vertes, bleu en l'espèce ?
oupsss, trop rapide. Serait-il possible un jour de savoir pourquoi cet immense superficie commerciale, les docks Vauban, n'utilisent aucune énergie renouvelable alors que la chaleur des bassins aurait procuré un apport thermique non négligeable. Encore une fois, faites ce que je dis, pas ce que je fais.
oupsss, trop rapide. Serait-il possible un jour de savoir pourquoi cet immense superficie commerciale, les docks Vauban, n'utilisent aucune énergie renouvelable alors que la chaleur des bassins aurait procuré un apport thermique non négligeable. Encore une fois, faites ce que je dis, pas ce que je fais.
Mr le Maire est comme les autres il fait de l'écologie à deux balles , L'éolien n'enrichie que ceux qui les fabriques et quelques politicards arrosés
Mr le Maire est comme les autres il fait de l'écologie à deux balles , L'éolien n'enrichie que ceux qui les fabriques et quelques politicards arrosés
Tout le monde est pour les éloiennes mais...... Chez les autres , ceux qui en veulent ont cas en mettre dans leurs jardins !!!!!
Tout le monde est pour les éloiennes mais...... Chez les autres , ceux qui en veulent ont cas en mettre dans leurs jardins !!!!!
L'éolien s'est génial ..... Imaginer des mats de 180 mètres de haut dans la mer : magnifique non ! Par contre on va faire détruire les cabanons de plage sous prétexte qu'ils défigurent le paysage ....... Cherchez l'erreur !
L'éolien s'est génial ..... Imaginer des mats de 180 mètres de haut dans la mer : magnifique non ! Par contre on va faire détruire les cabanons de plage sous prétexte qu'ils défigurent le paysage ....... Cherchez l'erreur !
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